论文标题
现实世界中物理的因果关闭
The Causal Closure of Physics in Real World Contexts
论文作者
论文摘要
物理的因果封闭通常以上下文免费的方式讨论。在这里，我在工程系统和生物学的背景下进行了讨论，在这种情况下，由于出现和向下因果关系的结合而发生了强烈的出现[Ellis 2020]。首先，我表明因果关系在空间相互作用方面受到严格限制，因为这些情况必须与环境强烈相互作用。有效的空间封闭可容纳ceteris parrabus，黑天鹅事件可能会违反。其次，我表明，出现的层次结构中的因果关系是严格的介绍事件，在工程和生物学的情况下，各个级别都涵盖了从社会层面到粒子物理水平的所有级别。但是，可以为有限的一组水平定义有效的因果封闭，并且可以通过实验确定每个级别持有的有效理论。但是，这并不意味着那些有效的理论本身就是因果关系。特别是，粒子物理水平在固态物理学的背景下（由于间层波颗粒二元性），数字计算机（算法确定结果）或生物学（由于时间依赖于时间依赖于时间的约束），粒子物理水平本身并不是因果关系。此外，在所有这些情况下，密不可分的相互交织的水平发生。
The causal closure of physics is usually discussed in a context free way. Here I discuss it in the context of engineering systems and biology, where strong emergence takes place due to a combination of upwards emergence and downwards causation [Ellis 2020]. Firstly, I show that causal closure is strictly limited in terms of spatial interactions because these are cases that are of necessity strongly interacting with the environment. Effective Spatial Closure holds ceteris parabus, and can be violated by Black Swan Events. Secondly, I show that causal closure in the hierarchy of emergence is a strictly interlevel affair, and in the cases of engineering and biology encompasses all levels from the social level to the particle physics level. However Effective Causal Closure can usefully be defined for a restricted set of levels, and one can experimentally determine Effective Theories that hold at each level. This does not however imply those effective theories are causally complete by themselves. In particular, the particle physics level is not causally complete by itself in the contexts of solid state physics (because of interlevel wave-particle duality), digital computers (where algorithms determine outcomes), or biology (because of time dependent constraints). Furthermore Inextricably Intertwined Levels occur in all these contexts.
