论文标题
种族宽容可以遏制自我增强学校隔离吗?基于理论代理的模型
Can ethnic tolerance curb self-reinforcing school segregation? A theoretical Agent Based Model
论文作者
论文摘要
Schelling和Sakoda突出提出的计算模型表明,强烈的种族住宅隔离可能是由具有相当宽容的种族偏好的个体的选择驱动的自我增强动态的意想不到的结果。只有很少的尝试将这种观点应用于学校的选择,这是发生种族隔离的另一个重要舞台。在当前的论文中,我们使用基于代理的理论模型进行探索,类似于提议的住宅隔离,父母之间的种族容忍度如何影响学校隔离的水平。更具体地说,我们询问如果越来越多的父母持有宽容的种族偏好,学校种族隔离是否可以减少。我们以三种方式超越了早期的学校种族隔离模型。首先,我们使用随机实用程序离散选择方法对单个学校的选择进行建模。其次,我们会在学校选择的住宅环境中改变种族隔离的模式,比较住宅地图,其中隔离与父母对反映其种族偏好的住宅地图的宽容程度无关。第三,我们引入了属于同一群体的父母的耐受程度的异质性。我们的模拟实验表明,即使大约一半的人口更喜欢混合隔离学校,族裔隔离可能是一种非常强大的现象,即使大约一半的人口也会发生。但是,我们还确定了参数空间中的一个最佳位置,在参数空间中,更大比例的宽容父母会带来最大的不同。当附近学校的偏爱在父母的公用事业功能上重大压力,而住宅地图仅被适度地隔离时,就是这种情况。提出了进一步的实验,以揭示潜在的机制。
Schelling and Sakoda prominently proposed computational models suggesting that strong ethnic residential segregation can be the unintended outcome of a self-reinforcing dynamic driven by choices of individuals with rather tolerant ethnic preferences. There are only few attempts to apply this view to school choice, another important arena in which ethnic segregation occurs. In the current paper, we explore with an agent-based theoretical model similar to those proposed for residential segregation, how ethnic tolerance among parents can affect the level of school segregation. More specifically, we ask whether and under which conditions school segregation could be reduced if more parents hold tolerant ethnic preferences. We move beyond earlier models of school segregation in three ways. First, we model individual school choices using a random utility discrete choice approach. Second, we vary the pattern of ethnic segregation in the residential context of school choices systematically, comparing residential maps in which segregation is unrelated to parents' level of tolerance to residential maps reflecting their ethnic preferences. Thirdly, we introduce heterogeneity in tolerance levels among parents belonging to the same group. Our simulation experiments suggest that ethnic school segregation can be a very robust phenomenon, occurring even when about half of the population prefers mixed to segregated schools. However, we also identify a sweet spot in the parameter space in which a larger proportion of tolerant parents makes the biggest difference. This is the case when the preference for nearby schools weighs heavily in parents' utility function and the residential map is only moderately segregated. Further experiments are presented that unravel the underlying mechanisms.