论文标题
具有模棱两可的广泛形式游戏中的个人和群体倾斜度和远期责任，以及他们在社会选择问题上的应用
Degrees of individual and groupwise backward and forward responsibility in extensive-form games with ambiguity, and their application to social choice problems
论文作者
论文摘要
许多关于道德相关性的现实情况，尤其是大规模社会选择的情况，例如减轻气候变化，不仅涉及许多以复杂方式进行决策的代理人，而且还涉及各种形式的不确定性，包括可量化的风险和不可量化的歧义。在此类问题中，对个人和群体道德责任的评估是对道德上不希望的结果的评估，或者他们避免这种责任的责任是具有挑战性的，容易出现责任不足或过度确定的风险。与基于严格的因果关系或某些侧重于“负责任”与“不负责”的二元分类的方法相反，我们在这里提出了几个不同的定量责任指标，这些指标评估了概率单位的责任度。为此，我们使用基于广泛形式的游戏树的适应性版本的框架以及一种规定了此类指标的许多潜在理想属性的公理方法，然后通过将其应用于许多范式的社会选择情况来测试开发的候选指标。我们发现，尽管大多数属性都可能希望通过某些变体来实现这种责任指标，这是一种最佳指标，显然超过了其他人尚未找到的指标。
Many real-world situations of ethical relevance, in particular those of large-scale social choice such as mitigating climate change, involve not only many agents whose decisions interact in complicated ways, but also various forms of uncertainty, including quantifiable risk and unquantifiable ambiguity. In such problems, an assessment of individual and groupwise moral responsibility for ethically undesired outcomes or their responsibility to avoid such is challenging and prone to the risk of under- or overdetermination of responsibility. In contrast to existing approaches based on strict causation or certain deontic logics that focus on a binary classification of `responsible' vs `not responsible', we here present several different quantitative responsibility metrics that assess responsibility degrees in units of probability. For this, we use a framework based on an adapted version of extensive-form game trees and an axiomatic approach that specifies a number of potentially desirable properties of such metrics, and then test the developed candidate metrics by their application to a number of paradigmatic social choice situations. We find that while most properties one might desire of such responsibility metrics can be fulfilled by some variant, an optimal metric that clearly outperforms others has yet to be found.
