论文标题
多数化需要无限的第二个法律
Majorization requires infinitely many second laws
论文作者
论文摘要
多数化是不确定性的基本模型,在从热力学到纠缠理论的领域中有多种应用,并且构成了物理学理论方法的支柱之一。在这里,我们改善了它与测量机构的关系。特别是,在讨论了这种情况下第二定律的适当概念之后,我们表明,对于足够大的状态空间,构成第二定律的任何类似熵的功能都必须是无限的。此外,我们为被称为热杂交的多数化变化提供了类似的结果,实际上,如果平衡分布不统一,则实际上不需要对状态空间的任何限制。最后,我们讨论了结果对分子扩散和催化主要化的适用性。在这方面,我们将使用中的主要化的变体视为分子扩散的模型,并表明没有构成分子扩散的第二定律的熵样函数的有限家族。此外,我们展示了在处理有关催化主要化的猜想(即胜过)时,我们的结果如何有用。特别是,我们表明,以前已经考虑过的那种特征需要一个无限的实用功能家族。
Majorization is a fundamental model of uncertainty with several applications in areas ranging from thermodynamics to entanglement theory, and constitutes one of the pillars of the resource-theoretic approach to physics. Here, we improve on its relation to measurement apparatuses. In particular, after discussing what the proper notion of second law in this scenario is, we show that, for a sufficiently large state space, any family of entropy-like functions constituting a second law must be countably infinite. Moreover, we provide an analogous result for a variation of majorization known as thermo-majorization which, in fact, does not require any constraint on the state space provided the equilibrium distribution is not uniform. Lastly, we discuss the applicability of our results to molecular diffusion and catalytic majorization. In this regard, we consider a variation of majorization used in plasma physics as a model of molecular diffusion and show that no finite family of entropy-like functions constituting a second law of molecular diffusion exists. Moreover, we show how our results are useful when dealing with a conjecture regarding catalytic majorization (i.e. trumping). In particular, we show that the sort of characterizations of trumping that have been considered before require an infinite family of real-valued functions.